Le Miocardiopatie nel Mastino Napoletano - Neapolitan Mastiff

II Neapolitan mastiff is broadly to canine diffused race in Campania, but also well represented on the whole national territory, that has dark gone dark and also affirming to the foreign countries to the last years, in countries as Germany, France, the United States, Brazil, etc.

To the peer of other giant races also the Neapolitan mastiff introduces to certain genetic predisposition to primitive the cardiac pathologies and particularly to the cardiomiopatia dilatativa for whose clinical-prognostic definition there him had the, as you/he/she is known, of essential instrumental examinations, among which the examination elettrocardiografico and that ecocardiografico.

These examinations allow to often notice meaningful differences among the different races and, sometimes, within the the same race, between subject and subject. Said variations assume, besides, particular importance when for to quantification of the systolic dysfunction is asked in initial phase. L ipocinesia, in fact, misu Khan be valued rando the fraction of shortening (FS) that, as it is known, you/he/she Khan broadly vary in the different races. Such differences have pushed for to long time different authors to effect evaluations morfo-functional cardiologiche in canine various races: in the greyhound, in the irish wolfhound, in the dobermann pinscher, in the cocker spaniel, in they haul him German and in the whippet. Also the evaluations elettrocardiografiche performed in the German shepherd, in the Dalmatian one, in the beagle, in the Spanish mastiff, in -the sleigh dog of the Alaska you/they have allowed to sometimes notice meaningful differences in the morphology, in the duration and in the voltage of the single de bending tied only not to the race but above all to the the age and to the position used for recording the layout. The heart installments,

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and in the beagle. The German shepherd, introduces besides, general lies, to wave P isoelettrica in Of and to line PQ and longer QT of those of other races. You study ducts in the but Spanish stino they show as also within the same race differences meaningful elettrocardiografiches macaws found in relationship to the age and the weight of the animals.

As it regards the Neapolitan mastiff they don't exist systematic studies in these specific sectors; profit is seemed there, therefore, to perform an investigation on the cardiac electric activity and on the principal parameters ecocardiografici of this race, with the purpose to be able to have physiological values of reference, in dispensabili for to correct diagnostic evaluation of the pictures elettrocardiografici and in partnership ecocardiografici to cardiac, primitive and secondary pathologies.

MATERIALS IT IS METHODS

The investigations macaws been performed on 20 adults dogs of race Neapolitan mastiff, selected near breedings situated in the provinces in Naples.

Our champion was constituted by 13 females (not in pregnancy neither in lactation) and 7 males, inclusive of age between 2 and 4 years, with oscillating bodily weight between 55 and 65 kg.

All the subjects included in the study have been judged he/she knows ni on basic the of the clinical examination and to screening of labora torio, comprendente the most common hematological parameters and ematochimici (examination emocromocitometrico, glicemia, azo-temia, creatininemia, ALT, K +, Na+, CK, AST), the examination elet-troforetico of the proteins sieriche (QPE) and the examination of the uri-of it. To the purpose to exclude possible respiratory pathologies, in action or pregresse e/o modifications to load of the cardiac profile, radiograms of the chest have been performed in latero-side and back-ventral projection. They have been, inol three, effected examinations sierologici, to exclude the most common recurrent infections on the territory (E. canis, L. infantum, T. gondii, N. walks), and microscopic investigations for the ricer ca of emoparassiti, what D. immitis and H. canis. For esclu dere to hidden form of Dirofilariosi has been performed the de termination sierologica of the specific antigens of the macro- filarie.

Examination ECG

For the investigation elettrocardiografica has been used an instrument model Hellige Simpliscriptor EK 31, mono channel, portable. The examinations have been conducted in subjects not soothed, sets in right side decubitus and with the perpendicular limbs to the trunk. The layout elettrocardiografico included the standard bipolar derivations (The, II, III) and the derivations unipolari increased of the limbs (a VR, a VL, a VF). The electrodes, of the type to pliers of crocodile, they have been ap plicati, previous cleaning of the skin with alcohol, anteriorly to level of the olecrano and subsequently to the fold of the grassella. To recording of 10 secondses has been effected for every derivation, to the speed of slide of the paper of 25 mm/seses and, limited to the II derivation, to the speed of 50 mm/seses.

The following parameters have been analyzed elet trocardiografici: heart installments, electric axle and,as well as the duration of the QRS and the interval PQ (R) and QT. The middle electric axle has been gotten using the algebraic sum of the voltage of the QRS calculated in D I and D III. The values have been gotten with sultando the charts of reference. The measurement of the vol taggio of the wave P has been performed, because of the presence of respiratory arrhythmia, on the waves with greater voltage. The measurement of the voltage of the wave T with morphology difa sica has been performed calculating the algebraic sum of the positive de negative and bending. You/he/she has been valued, besides, the alli neamento of the segment PQ and St with the line isoelettrica, the morphology and the polarity of the complex QRS in The, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF and, finally, the polarity of the deflections P and T in the different recorded derivations.

Examination ecocardiografico

For the examination ecocardiografico has been used an instrument ESAOTE Biomedical SIM 5000, provided of probes sectorial fire mechanics The fix from 5 and 2,5 MHz. In the measurements in mono formed and bi-dimensional the II derivation graphic elettrocardio has been recorded, simultaneously on the screen of the instrument, to allow needle the synchronization of the images ecocardiografiche with her him of the cardiac revolution. To minimize the interference of the pulmonary parenchima the animals, soothed not, I/you/they have been set in right side decubitus, on to table in which to hole had been practiced, through which pas was made sare the trasduttore that arrived I know in contact with the wall thoracic right, in such way that the scanning came effet tuata from the lower part. To visualize the heart has been used the acoustic window light parastemale, to level of the 4°_5° spas intercostal uncle.

Beginning from the bidimensional images to held by to projection in short axle to level of the muscles papillari, the following measurements macaws been performed in M-fashions: diameter of the hollow left ventricolare in diastole (LVIDD) and in sistole (L VIDS) (distance among the endocardium settale and that of the back free wall); for the diastole as reference the wave Q of the ECG is taken, while for the sistole the point by and large back excursion of the setto; thickness ofthe setto interventricolare in diastole (IYSD) and in sistole (IYSS): the setto has been measured from the edge of attack of the endocardium light settale to the edge of attack of the endo cardio left settale. The measure of the thickness in diastole corresponded Q of the ECG to the wave, while for the sistole the point back excursion of the setto is considered; by and large thickness of the back wall of the left ventricle in diastole (PWD) and in sistole (PWS): the wall has been measure ta from the edge of attack of the left wall endocardium to the the epicardium. Also for this measure the diastole corrispon deva to the wave the ECG's Q, while the sistole was calculated by and large in the point anterior excursion of the wall set riore of the left ventricle; fraction of shortening (FS): this index has been calculated through the formulates:

FS%=[LVIDD-LVIDS/LVIDD] X 100;

fraction of ejection (EF): this parameter has been otte nuto through the formulas:

EF%=[LVEDV-LVESV/LVEDV x 1--].

The volumes ventricolari in diastole (LVEDV) and in sistole (LVESV) I/youlthey have directly been calculated by the software car diologico of the instrument, using the formulas to the cube corrected of Teichholz:

[LVEDV=7(LVIDD3)/2.4+LVIDD;LVESV=7(LVIDS3)/2.4 +LVIDS].

The recordings and the measurements in M-fashions have been ef fettuate in accord with the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography, according to the methodology of the" leading edge", considering for the measurements of the structures in examination the distance that intervenes between the first part of its initial echo and the first part of its echo finale15.

Beginning from to plan of section in short axle at basic the of the heart the following measurements have been effected on im bidimensional magine: diameter of the left atrium (Her); diameter of the aorta (Ao), and calculated the relationship ,atrium since-stro/aorta (LA! Ao). Finally, beginning from to scanning bidi mensionale in axle along you/he/she has been measured by and large in M-fashions the distance among the point opening of the anterior edge mitralico (And) and the point by and large back excursion of the setto interventricolare (EPSS). Every parameter has been misu rato on three different cardiac cycles at two different operators, to legionary to the least one the dependent error from the operator. The techniques used to such intention made reference to the indications suggested by Thomas and coll.

Parameters elettrocardiografici

The values of the various parameters elettrocardiografici, recorded in D II (50 mm/secses), they macaws summaries in the Charts 1 and 2.

Frequency and rhythm

The middle heart installments has been of 101 ±ses 17,1, with to minimum of 60 and to maximum of 120 b.p.mses. In the 75% of the subjects it was present the respiratory arrhythmia and in 60% the wan-dering pacemaker.

Electric axle

II middle value of the cardiac electric axle, calculated on the frontal plan, you/he/she has been of 80,55 ±ses 11,08, with oscillations among + 60° and + 90°.

Wave P

In D II the wave P has introduced in average the voltage of 0,165 ±ses 0,061 mVses, with inclusive an range between 0,1 and 0,3 mVses. The middle duration has been of 0,038 ±ses 0,007 sec (min 0,02 - max 0,05). The activation atriale, was expressed besides with to deflection polarity monofasica, primarily placed tiva in D I (95%), D II (100%), D III (95%) and aVF (100%), and to negative predominantly polarity in a VR

The alternate P-Qs

II time of management atrium-ventricolare you/he/she has done regal strare to middle value of 0,105 ±ses 0,030 sec (min 0,08 - max 0,14).

Wave Q

In D II the wave Q results absent in the 20% of the examined subjects. It has introduced middle voltage of 0,15 ±ses 0,148 mVses (min Or - max 0,6) and lasted average of 0,014 ±ses 0,008 sec (min Or - max 0,02).

WaveR

This deflection has introduced middle voltage of 1,26 ±ses 0,498 m V ses (min 0,5 - max 2,2) and lasted average of 0,028 ±ses 0,010 sec (min 0,02 - max 0,06).

WaveS

The wave S results absent in D II in the most greater part of the examined animals (75%). It has introduced middle voltage of 0,05 ±O,1ses mV (min Or - max 0,3) and, when pre feels, to middle duration of 0,005 ±ses 0,009 (min Or - max 0,03).

Complex QRS

The algebraic sum of negative the positive and deflections in D II has underlined to middle voltage of 1,065 ±ses 0,512 mVses (min 0,1 - max 2). The middle duration of the depolarizes zione ventricolare you/he/she has been of 0,046 ±ses 0,009 sec, with to mini mo of 0,03 sec and to maximum of 0,06 sec. In the 6 derivazioses ni is been observed 13 different morphologies of the comples The know QRS. The pattern difasico (QR rs, qR qr, Rs, RS, rS) dominant pre results (53,8%), in comparison to that trifasico (qrs, qRs) (15,3%) and to that monofasico (RQS, r, qs) (30,7%). The complex QRSs, have been characterized besides in the, almost totality of positive the polarity subjects in D I (75%), D II (100%), D III (95%) and aVF (100%), and negative from polarity inaVR(95%) eaVL(90%).

Draws P-Q (R) and S-T

You/he/she is nearly introduced as to line isoelettrica, sen za never to suffer aloft slivellamenti or in low> 0,1 mVses.

Wave T

This wave in D II has introduced to middle voltage of 0,217 ±ses 0,116 m V ses and middle duration of 0,048 ±ses 0,016 sec (min 0,05 - max 0,6 m V ses; min 0,02 - max 0,08 sec, rispettivamen you). It was characterized besides by positive the polarity in D I (5%), DII (95%), DIll (85%), aVR (10%) and aVF%), sometimes difasica, in D I (35%), D II (25%), D III (5%), aVR (15%), aVL (10%) and a VF (25%); you/he/she has introduced, instead, negative predominantly polarity in D I (60%), aVR(75%) eaVL(90%).

The alternate Q-T

The middle duration of the interval Q-T in D II has been of 0,20 ±ses 0,02 sec (min 0,18 - max 0,24).

Values ecocardiografici

The single values, the average and standard the deviation for cia scuna effected linear measurement and for the parameters of functionality ventricolare is brought in the Chart 3. The thickness of the setto interventricolare in diastole varied from 8 to 15 mmses, with to middle value of 10,35 ±ses 2,83·mmses and in sistole from 10,5 to 19 mmses, with to middle value of 14,66 ±ses 2,33 mmses. As it regards the thickness of the free wall ventrico lare sx, in diastole varying values macaws noticed between 9 and 15,5 mmses, with to middle value of 10,86 ±ses 1,83 mmses, while in him stoles the thickness varied between 12,5 and 20 mmses, with to middle value of 15,99 ±ses 2,06 mmses. The diameter of the ventricle sini stro in telediastole and in telesistole, oscillated instead respects vamente between 43 and 54 mmses, with to middle value of 48,56 ±ses 2,78 mmses, and between 27 and 41 mmses, with to middle value of 33,97 ±ses 3,66 mmses. Point septal separation is him (EPSS), that is an it negatively protects coarsely proportional meter to the dimensions of the left and correlated ventricle to the fraction of ejection, in our champion results to have to middle value of 6,58 ±ses 2,18 mmses, oscillating between 2 and 9 mmses; the rap The bring atrium sinistro/radice of the aorta, that quantifies the entity of to possible expansion of the left atrium, you/he/she has introduced to middle value of 1,04 ±ses 0,12, with varying values among 0,83 and 1,29. In our champion the middle value of the diameter of the left atrium has been of 32,23 ±ses 4,75 mmses, with to mini mo of 25 and to maximum of 43 mmses. The diameter of the root aortica, has oscillated instead between 23 and 42 mmses, with to middle value of 31,23 ±ses 4,92 mmses. The fraction of shortening, considered among the most important indexes of functionality abdomens to strain, has introduced to middle value of the 30 ±s calculated by the car beginning from the volumes ventricolari gotten according to the formulas of the" cubic method" correct of Teichholz, youlhe/she has shown to middle value of 54,4 ±ses 6,35%, with variations among 45 and 66%.

Conclusions

The analysis of the results sprung by the present investigations, also if conducted on to rather limited number of animals, with it feels to draw burdens preliminary considerations.

From the analysis of the layouts elettrocardiografici notices him first of all that the middle value of the electric axle (+80,5°) it is sovrapponibile to that found in the German shepherd (+81,9°), but it results superior to that in relief in dogs of Dalmatian race (+68,7°) and beagle (+72,2°).- The group of Neapolitan mastiffs from us examined, has introduced besides to middle heart installments, (101 b.p.mses.) inferior to that the recorded one in the Dalmatian one (137 b.p.mses.) and in the beagle (131 b.p.mses.), but analogous to that of the German shepherd.

The respiratory arrhythmia and the wandering pacemaker rappres feel, in basic to our reliefs, to common find in the but Neapolitan Mastino, for which I/youithey macaws to consider, also in que race is, to physiological variation of the rhythm sinusale. II voltage and the duration of the various deflections and the inter valleys considered in general not him discostano sostanzial it lies from . standard the values brought from Tilley or from those kings lativi to the adult Spanish mastiff. The duration of alternate you him P-Q and Q- T it assumes in the Neapolitan mastiff to middle value next to the superscript held normal for the dog, you rosimilmente in relationship to the very elevated values not of the heart installments. The middle voltage of the wave P (0,165 mVses) and R (1,26 mVses) it results, besides, rather low consi derando the big ransom of these subjects. This relief Khan be tied up to the very wide thoracic conformation and the presence of an enough thick and weary skin.

The depolarization ventricolare is expressed with to com plesso whose morphology results extremely varying, po tendosi to distinguish well 13 different types ofQRS. In accord with how much noticed by other authors, within the deris recorded vazioni prevails the morphology difasica (53,8%): particularly, in D II the most greater part of the complexes macaws rappre sentata from the type qR (60%). Finally, in D I the morphologies then cates with lower houses letters make to appear this derivazio of it in many subjects (40%) as to line nearly isoelet trica.

The wave T is introduced as to negative deflection in D II in to alone of the animals from us examined (5%), contrarily than in relief in the Spanish mastiff, in the from the mata and in the beagle, where the percentage of animals with wave T negative you/he/she has respectively been of 41 % of 13% and of 31%.

For how much concem the dates ecocardiografici, goes it underlines to that in the dog, as in the hand, they exist numerous riabili goes that to variation of the parameters they involve ecocar diografici within the range of normalcy; among these the bodily weight, the sex, the age and the attitude have mostly been those investigated you.

In the canine specie, needs besides to consider to further elemen to of variability that is represented by the race. Burdens studies in the last years have underlined as this ul tima you influence in conclusive way the behavior of burdens indexes of cardiac efficiency (FS, EF, etc). In the beautiful Ta 4 macaws illustrated to such intention the parameters in relief graphic ecocardio in races of different ransom and conformation. Gives the notable difference present morfometrica among the nus canine merose races, it appears clear as the use to clinical purpose of reported values to other races Khan induces to wrong diagnosis, especially in the houses of hidden cardiopathies or in needle if precocious. In these last cases, in fact, it is possible to notice values border line, for which it results how much never profit power of sporre of precise date ecocardiografici basic of, within to range of physiological variability, usable to the thin diagnostici.

As it regards the linear cardiac measures (diametro of the left ventricle, thickness of the setto interventricolare and of the free wall left ventricolare), they results similar to those recovered in they haul him.

Under our experimental conditions you/he/she has not been riscon trata, to the analysis of the linear regression, to meaningful correlation among the considered parameters and the weight and super the bodily ficie of the animals and this in accord with how much brought by Tarducci and you strain. in . they haul him German. Our results him discostano, however, from those in relief in the irish wolfhound, that an ample individual variability of these parameters introduces; this makes to supposed that, also in presence of to weak correlation among the weight and the studied parameters, the bodily weight halo as sure point of reference cannot be taken for going up again to the measures ecocardiografi-that you consider.