Le Miocardiopatie nel Mastino Napoletano - Neapolitan Mastiff

The cardiovascular apparatus is formed from the heart and from the vases (arteries, capillary, veins) in which flows the blood according to one determined direction. The movement of the blood is due to the function of pump of the heart, which contracts him and he releases aritmicamente pushing the blood in the arteries, that branch him reaching the whole organism.

The arteries finish in the capillaries to level of which you/they end all the metabolic and respiratory exchanges, between blood and fabrics; from the capillaries they take origin the veins that return to the heart constituting the so-called circle back.

The circulatory apparatus divides him in two sections, the great one and the small circulation. The great circulation departs from the heart and reaches all the districts of the organism for then to return to the heart; it has the function to bring oxygen and nourishments, and to remove the refusals from the organism.

The small circulation departs from the heart, it reaches the bellows and it returns to the heart; it has the function to oxygenate the blood that he was desossigenato in the great circulation and to eliminate the carbonic anhydride.

The heart is found in thoracic hollow, wound by a sort of called pouch pericardio, almost totally covered by the bellows. And divided in four compartments that contract him and they release him with an orderly succession and with a ritmicita dictated by a particular muscular fabric (miocardio) modulated by the nervous system.

The cardiac rooms are the atria right, the right ventricle (right heart), the left atrium and the left ventricle (left heart). Does her inside of the cardiac rooms you/he/she is dressed again by a membrane said endocardium, that refolds him to form cardiac valves in some zones.

Right heart and left heart are separate from a setto, while the atria are in communication with the respective ventricle through of the valves atrium ventricolari (tricuspid valve between right atrium and right ventricle, mitral valve between left atrium and left ventricle).

From the ventricles him dipartono of the big vasi( aortas and pulmonary tnlnk) that they introduce the blood in the vases of the great and small circle, these two vases are in communication with the ventricles through of the valves, valve aortica and pulmonary valve.

How long ago the owner of a dog to suspect a cardiac problem in his/her own dog?

The anamnesis and the clinical examination furnish important information related to the illness and to its stadium.

It owes the age of an animal to be valued,

• the young subjects introduces congenital cardiac pathologies (learned arterial pervio P.D.A.)
• in the dog elderly frequent comparison is the Cardiomiopatia dilatativa,
• in the mastiff the congenital cardiopathies found more frequently are: the stenosis sub aortica (S.A.S.) the pulmonary stenosis (S.P.) in the evaluation of a cardiac pathology it needs to hold under control the following parameters:

• Appetite

• Urination poliuria/polidipsia (PU/PD) increase of the thirst and the in partnership quantity of the urines to nephropathy

• Intestinal Motilita, the heart failure can provoke interstitial edema of the bowel with diarrhea

• Vomit and regurgitation, tied up to the presence of anomalous vascular rings

• Cough is the symptom most common of cardiac pathology. He/she usually introduces him sour and less noisy of the pulmonary cough. You often underlines after the assumption of liquids or without a cause scatenante.

• Dispnea, is a difficult breath, hard-working, painful, that is accompanied to noises of screeching rochi and rebels you/he/she must be differentiated by the polipnea (increase of the due respiratory frequency to fever fear or excitement). Causes of dispnea can be tied up to the reduction of the environmental oxygen (elevated altitudes) intense physical activity, primary and secondary heart disease

• Emottisi, cough with expectorated sanguinolento tied to lungworms.

Clinical examination

To appraise the attitudes and the behaviors of the subj ect differentiating the physiological attitudes from those pathological: he performs an evaluation beginning from the head him < they seek possible asymmetries and swellings of the head in progress of cardiac illness the ears doesn't introduce characteristic signs but the cyanosis you/he/she can be found in the tents.

L' examination of the oral cable allows to appraise the time of capillary filling and the color of the mucous ones the cyanosis it is tied up to ipoventilazione or to a reduction of the diffusion of the oxygen through the respiratory membrane. The examination of the oral cable allows to notice besides the presence of dental tartar, gengiviti, piorrea that can be the point of departure for a batteriemia vvith possible development of an endocardite.

The examination of the neck has to appraise the presence of edemas along the run of the jugular veins.

Other examinations that can be performed for appraising cardiac pathologies are the palpation of the trachea and the chest, in this case it needs to appraise" the itto", that represents the point where the cardiac pulsation is warned under the hands, generally between the IV and the I space.

You intercostal The wrist: it owes the wrist to be valued femorale,esso it has to have a frequency betvveen 70 and 180 pulsations to the minute, greater frequency it is had in the pups.

Cogenital Illnesses

Pulmonary stenosis

• And' a congenital pathology, is distinguished:

• Valvular stenosis with removal of the pulmonary valve

• Stenosis sottovalvolare

• Stenosis sopravalvolare

The last two are very rare to see him in the dogs, the clinical symptomatology you/he/she is compared to the gravity of the obstruction. The more evident clinical symptom is the insufficiency of the secondary right ventricle to an increase of the pressure, the valvular vice it determines an increase of the resistance to the exit of the blood from the '. right ventricle, and therefore an. increase of the systemic pressure through the valve stenosata. The subjects that introduce a light stenosis are lanthanic and they live an enough· normal life, those people that instead have a serious pulmonary stenosis introduce serious dispnea, intolerance to the activity physical and frequent episodes of syncopation.

The diagnosis happens through an exmnination radiografico performed in . latero-side- and ventro-dorsal projection, he underlines the ispessimento of the right heart and some vases and the diminution of diameter of other vases. With the eletrocardiogramma he underlines the ispessimento of the right ventricle and cardiac arrhythmias. The ecodoppler allows to measure the speed of the blood through the line stenotico and to appraise the line of stenosis.

Prognosis and therapy are in relationship to the gravity of the stenosis. This pathology is recognized on genetic base, for which the subjects affections from pulmonary stenosis, are to appraise to the goals of the reproduction.

Therapy

To the actual state it is to the study the employment ofvalvuloplastica, with toy balloons and applications of stent endovasali. Profit the employment of inhibiting ACE results, betabloccanti, diruetic.

Cardiomiopatie di The Dog

The cardiomiopaties are illnesses to unknown eziologia that interests the cardiac muscle. They distinguishes:

CARDIOMIOPATIA DILATATIVE: (CMD) characterized by the slow and progressive expansion ventricolare with reduction of the contractility .

CARDIOMIOPATIA IPERTROFICA: (CMI) characterized by ipertrofia progressive ventriyolare and trom diastolic dysfunction with absence of expansion ventricolare. The 50% of the dogs cut from such pathology they are of race dobermann, this pathology it recognizes a factor hereditary studies of the university of the Ontario in Canada you/they have individualized a hereditary generic defect.In the subjects affections -from CMD the lack of the aminoacido LLCarnitina has been found.

The CMD he underlines with an elapsed slow and progressive, you/he/she is defined dilated you in how much the expansion represents the more evident morphological aspect of the final phases of the illness. It is characterized with deterioration of the systolic function that determines a first phase of remuneration in which the patient remains lanthanic this for the activation of compensatory mechanisms neuro- \unorali with the time.

Subsequently with the scompenso it is created the development of reactions that you/they alter the nice-mimetic system and the system renina-angiotenzina, regulators of the cardiac pulsatilita. Because of the alteration of such mechanisms in the phase of scompenso they increase both the precarico, is the degree of vasocostrizione with the increase of the peripheral vascular resistances. In progress of CMD the heart doesn't perform its normal function of pomp. In the phase compensatoria the animal if it doesn't develop physical activity doesn't introduce evident clinical signs, in the case in which the damage is superore to the 30% of the fraction of ejection, he underlines a dispnea. The fraction of ej ection is the phase of opening of the atria and in the ventricles.

Phases of the Illness Asintmatica

In the first phases the illness elapses in lanthanic way and only the application of a Holter cnnsente to observe tachiaritmie ventricolari. In some cases it is possible the to verify him of episodes of syncopation, besides the sudden death is frequent with the direct passage to the cardiac scompenso. A symptom evidenziabile is the systolic cardiac puff.

In the phase of insufficiency cardiac congestizias are underlined the symptoms what cough, dispnea and lungworm, in partnership with epatomegalia( fegato increased of volume) ascite( aumento of the liquids in abdomen).

Diagnosis:

In case of lanthanic illness and when he knows of subjects that has a family history of CMD, esguire of the examinations of screening is opportune:

1. Echocardiography: alterazone of the diameter of the left ventricle, of the fraction of shortening, of the distance between the mitral valve and the setto interventricolare and the dimensions of the left atrium

2. Monitoring of Holter: profit for the individualization of the arrhythmias

3. Electrocardiogram: employed for excluding other causes of , arrhythmia .

4. Radiography:)t is not useful there is not a next situation to the cardiac scompenso.

If the illness is symptomatic, the symptoms can be appreciated in progress of visit clinic with the ascultazione: puffs, trouble of rhythm, tachiaritmie.

The mean of diagnosis mostly employee is the radiography. The heart assumes aspect globoide, he underlines the lungworm and often a payment pleurico. With the electrocardiogram they are underlined different alterrazioni of the trials in progress of heart failure scompensata. The echocardiography puts in evidence of the valves, the passage ematico through of the enlargement of the hollow and they ventri co lare.

Therapy

All the medicines must be used under narrow control veterinary physician. The medicines most employed are:

Digoxin

Diruetic

Inhibiting Ace

L-Camitina

Taurine

Coenzima Q 1 0

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